import type { TrainingLesson } from "./types";

export const formFactorLessons: TrainingLesson[] = [
  {
    id: "ff-sfp-family",
    category: "form-factors",
    title: "SFP Family: SFP to SFP-DD",
    title_de: "SFP-Familie: SFP bis SFP-DD",
    level: "beginner",
    duration_min: 15,
    summary:
      "The SFP family covers 1G through 100G in a compact single-lane or dual-lane pluggable. Learn the physical and electrical differences between SFP, SFP+, SFP28, SFP56, and SFP-DD.",
    summary_de:
      "Die SFP-Familie umfasst 1G bis 100G in einem kompakten ein- oder zweilanigen Pluggable. Lernen Sie die physikalischen und elektrischen Unterschiede zwischen SFP, SFP+, SFP28, SFP56 und SFP-DD.",
    tags: ["sfp", "sfp+", "sfp28", "sfp-dd", "form-factor"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "SFP Physical Characteristics",
        heading_de: "Physikalische Eigenschaften des SFP",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "All SFP variants share the same mechanical housing: 56.5mm long × 13.4mm wide × 8.5mm tall. They all use the same MSA-defined edge connector and latch mechanism, which is why an SFP+ port can physically accept an SFP module (though data rate won't match). The key differences are in the electrical interface, EEPROM identifier, and maximum power consumption.",
            text_de:
              "Alle SFP-Varianten teilen dasselbe mechanische Gehaeuse: 56,5 mm lang × 13,4 mm breit × 8,5 mm hoch. Sie verwenden alle denselben MSA-definierten Kantenstecker und Verriegelungsmechanismus, weshalb ein SFP+-Port physikalisch ein SFP-Modul aufnehmen kann (die Datenrate stimmt jedoch nicht ueberein). Die wesentlichen Unterschiede liegen in der elektrischen Schnittstelle, dem EEPROM-Identifikator und dem maximalen Stromverbrauch.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "warning",
            text: "Physical compatibility does NOT equal data rate compatibility. An SFP module in an SFP28 port will only link at 1G. The port must be configured for the correct speed. Never assume inserting any SFP-sized module will work at the port's rated speed.",
            text_de:
              "Physikalische Kompatibilitaet bedeutet NICHT Datenraten-Kompatibilitaet. Ein SFP-Modul in einem SFP28-Port wird nur mit 1G verbinden. Der Port muss fuer die korrekte Geschwindigkeit konfiguriert werden.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "SFP Family Comparison",
        heading_de: "SFP-Familie im Vergleich",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Form Factor", "Speed", "Electrical Lanes", "Max Power", "SFF Standard", "Introduced"],
            headers_de: ["Formfaktor", "Geschwindigkeit", "Elektrische Lanes", "Max. Leistung", "SFF-Standard", "Eingefuehrt"],
            rows: [
              ["SFP", "up to 4.25 Gbps", "1×NRZ", "≤1.0W", "SFF-8472", "2003"],
              ["SFP+", "up to 10.3 Gbps", "1×NRZ", "≤2.5W (Class 3)", "SFF-8431", "2006"],
              ["SFP28", "up to 28 Gbps", "1×NRZ", "≤3.5W", "SFF-8402", "2015"],
              ["SFP56", "up to 56 Gbps", "1×PAM4 (or 2×NRZ)", "≤3.5W", "SFF-8024", "2019"],
              ["SFP-DD", "up to 100 Gbps", "2×PAM4", "≤5.0W", "SFF-8024", "2019"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) was defined in the original SFP MSA (2003) for rates up to 4.25 Gbps, covering 1GbE, 2GFC, 4GFC, and SONET/SDH. SFP+ (Enhanced SFP) extended this to 10 Gbps for 10GbE and 8GFC/10GFC. The same mechanical housing with a faster electrical interface.",
            text_de:
              "SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) wurde in der urspruenglichen SFP-MSA (2003) fuer Raten bis 4,25 Gbps definiert, fuer 1GbE, 2GFC, 4GFC und SONET/SDH. SFP+ (Enhanced SFP) erweiterte dies auf 10 Gbps fuer 10GbE und 8GFC/10GFC. Dasselbe mechanische Gehaeuse mit einer schnelleren elektrischen Schnittstelle.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "tip",
            text: "SFP-DD (Double Density) adds a second row of contacts to the bottom of the standard SFP connector, enabling 2 electrical lanes = 2×50G PAM4 = 100G total. SFP-DD cages are NOT backward compatible with standard SFP.",
            text_de:
              "SFP-DD (Double Density) fuegt eine zweite Kontaktreihe am Boden des Standard-SFP-Steckers hinzu und ermoeglicht 2 elektrische Lanes = 2×50G PAM4 = 100G gesamt. SFP-DD-Kaefige sind NICHT abwaertskompatibel zu Standard-SFP.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Connector Types Used with SFP",
        heading_de: "Mit SFP verwendete Steckertypen",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "LC duplex: standard for most fiber SFP variants (1G, 10G, 25G)",
              "LC simplex: for BiDi modules (single fiber bidirectional, e.g., 1000BASE-BX10, 10GBASE-BX)",
              "RJ-45: for copper SFP/SFP+ (1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-T) — these are active and consume more power",
              "No connector (copper DAC): DAC (Direct Attach Copper) is a twinax cable with SFP+ or SFP28 heads — NOT an optical module",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "LC-Duplex: Standard fuer die meisten Glasfaser-SFP-Varianten (1G, 10G, 25G)",
              "LC-Simplex: fuer BiDi-Module (eine Faser bidirektional, z. B. 1000BASE-BX10, 10GBASE-BX)",
              "RJ-45: fuer Kupfer-SFP/SFP+ (1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-T) — diese sind aktiv und verbrauchen mehr Leistung",
              "Kein Stecker (Kupfer-DAC): DAC (Direct Attach Copper) ist ein Twinax-Kabel mit SFP+- oder SFP28-Koepfen — KEIN optisches Modul",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Choosing the Right SFP Variant",
        heading_de: "Die richtige SFP-Variante waehlen",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "SFP (1G): access switches to end devices, management ports, storage replication",
              "SFP+ (10G): most common for server access, ToR switches, campus aggregation uplinks",
              "SFP28 (25G): high-performance server access, AI/GPU clusters, NVMe storage",
              "SFP56 (50G): emerging, used in dense 50G server deployments",
              "SFP-DD (100G): high-density 100G panels and patch points",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "SFP (1G): Access-Switches zu Endgeraeten, Management-Ports, Storage-Replikation",
              "SFP+ (10G): am haeufigsten fuer Server-Zugang, ToR-Switches, Campus-Aggregations-Uplinks",
              "SFP28 (25G): Hochleistungs-Server-Zugang, KI/GPU-Cluster, NVMe-Storage",
              "SFP56 (50G): aufkommend, in dichten 50G-Server-Deployments verwendet",
              "SFP-DD (100G): Hochdichte 100G-Panels und Patch-Punkte",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "ff-sfp-q1",
        lesson: "ff-sfp-family",
        q: "What is the maximum data rate of an SFP+ module?",
        q_de: "Was ist die maximale Datenrate eines SFP+-Moduls?",
        options: ["1 Gbps", "4.25 Gbps", "10.3 Gbps", "25 Gbps"],
        options_de: ["1 Gbps", "4,25 Gbps", "10,3 Gbps", "25 Gbps"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "SFP+ (Enhanced SFP) supports up to 10.3125 Gbps — covering 10GbE and 10GFC. SFP is limited to 4.25 Gbps; SFP28 covers up to 28 Gbps.",
        explanation_de:
          "SFP+ (Enhanced SFP) unterstuetzt bis zu 10,3125 Gbps — fuer 10GbE und 10GFC. SFP ist auf 4,25 Gbps begrenzt; SFP28 erreicht bis zu 28 Gbps.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-sfp-q2",
        lesson: "ff-sfp-family",
        q: "SFP-DD achieves 100G by using how many electrical lanes?",
        q_de: "Wie viele elektrische Lanes verwendet SFP-DD, um 100G zu erreichen?",
        options: ["1 lane at 100G PAM4", "2 lanes at 50G PAM4 each", "4 lanes at 25G NRZ each", "8 lanes at 12.5G NRZ each"],
        options_de: [
          "1 Lane mit 100G PAM4",
          "2 Lanes mit je 50G PAM4",
          "4 Lanes mit je 25G NRZ",
          "8 Lanes mit je 12,5G NRZ",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "SFP-DD adds a second row of contacts for 2 lanes total. Each lane carries 50G PAM4, yielding 2×50G = 100G.",
        explanation_de:
          "SFP-DD fuegt eine zweite Kontaktreihe fuer insgesamt 2 Lanes hinzu. Jede Lane traegt 50G PAM4, ergibt 2×50G = 100G.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-sfp-q3",
        lesson: "ff-sfp-family",
        q: "Can you insert an SFP module into an SFP28 port?",
        q_de: "Koennen Sie ein SFP-Modul in einen SFP28-Port einfuehren?",
        options: [
          "No — the connector shape is different",
          "Yes — physically compatible, but the port will only run at 1G",
          "Yes — the port automatically adapts to full 25G",
          "No — SFP modules use a different latch mechanism",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Nein — die Steckerform ist unterschiedlich",
          "Ja — physisch kompatibel, aber der Port laeuft nur mit 1G",
          "Ja — der Port passt sich automatisch auf 25G an",
          "Nein — SFP-Module verwenden einen anderen Verriegelungsmechanismus",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "All SFP variants share the same mechanical housing, so an SFP physically fits in an SFP28 slot. However, the port will negotiate at the module's rated speed (1G for SFP), not 25G.",
        explanation_de:
          "Alle SFP-Varianten teilen dasselbe mechanische Gehaeuse, daher passt ein SFP physisch in einen SFP28-Steckplatz. Der Port verhandelt jedoch auf die Nenngeschwindigkeit des Moduls (1G fuer SFP), nicht 25G.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-sfp-q4",
        lesson: "ff-sfp-family",
        q: "What connector does a BiDi SFP module use?",
        q_de: "Welchen Stecker verwendet ein BiDi-SFP-Modul?",
        options: ["LC duplex (2 fibers)", "LC simplex (1 fiber)", "SC duplex (2 fibers)", "MPO-12"],
        options_de: ["LC-Duplex (2 Fasern)", "LC-Simplex (1 Faser)", "SC-Duplex (2 Fasern)", "MPO-12"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "BiDi (Bidirectional) modules transmit and receive on different wavelengths on the same single fiber — requiring only an LC simplex connector.",
        explanation_de:
          "BiDi-Module senden und empfangen auf verschiedenen Wellenlaengen ueber dieselbe einzelne Faser — daher genuegt ein LC-Simplex-Stecker.",
      },
    ],
  },

  {
    id: "ff-qsfp-family",
    category: "form-factors",
    title: "QSFP Family: QSFP to QSFP-DD",
    title_de: "QSFP-Familie: QSFP bis QSFP-DD",
    level: "beginner",
    duration_min: 15,
    summary:
      "QSFP is the dominant form factor for 40G, 100G, 200G, and 400G networking. Understand the full QSFP family, from QSFP+ to the 800G QSFP-DD800.",
    summary_de:
      "QSFP ist der dominante Formfaktor fuer 40G-, 100G-, 200G- und 400G-Netzwerke. Verstehen Sie die vollstaendige QSFP-Familie, von QSFP+ bis zum 800G QSFP-DD800.",
    tags: ["qsfp", "qsfp28", "qsfp-dd", "40g", "100g", "400g", "form-factor"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "QSFP Physical Overview",
        heading_de: "Physikalischer Ueberblick des QSFP",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "QSFP (Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable) uses a wider housing than SFP — approximately 72.4mm × 18.4mm. It has 4 electrical transmit lanes and 4 receive lanes, enabling higher aggregate bandwidth than SFP. The QSFP connector uses 38 signal contacts compared to SFP's 20.",
            text_de:
              "QSFP (Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable) verwendet ein breiteres Gehaeuse als SFP — ca. 72,4 mm × 18,4 mm. Es hat 4 elektrische Sende-Lanes und 4 Empfangs-Lanes, was eine hoehere Bandbreite als SFP ermoeglicht. Der QSFP-Stecker hat 38 Signalkontakte im Vergleich zu 20 bei SFP.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "info",
            text: "QSFP-DD is backward compatible with QSFP28 in most modern switch ports. The QSFP-DD cage accepts QSFP28 modules and will run them at 100G. Always verify with your switch vendor's compatibility matrix.",
            text_de:
              "QSFP-DD ist in den meisten modernen Switch-Ports abwaertskompatibel zu QSFP28. Der QSFP-DD-Kaefig nimmt QSFP28-Module auf und betreibt sie mit 100G. Stets die Kompatibilitaetsmatrix des Switch-Herstellers pruefen.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "QSFP Family Comparison",
        heading_de: "QSFP-Familie im Vergleich",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Form Factor", "Speed", "Lanes (Tx+Rx)", "Max Power", "Standard", "Typical Connector"],
            headers_de: ["Formfaktor", "Geschwindigkeit", "Lanes (Tx+Rx)", "Max. Leistung", "Standard", "Typischer Stecker"],
            rows: [
              ["QSFP+", "40 Gbps", "4×10G NRZ", "≤4W (Class 4)", "SFF-8436", "LC duplex or MPO-12"],
              ["QSFP28", "100 Gbps", "4×25G NRZ", "≤4W (Class 4)", "SFF-8665/SFF-8636", "LC duplex or MPO-12"],
              ["QSFP56", "200 Gbps", "4×50G PAM4", "≤6W (Class 6)", "SFF-8024", "LC duplex or MPO-12"],
              ["QSFP-DD", "400 Gbps", "8×50G PAM4", "≤12W (Class 8)", "CMIS 4.0", "LC duplex or MPO-16"],
              ["QSFP-DD800", "800 Gbps", "8×100G PAM4", "≤20W (Ext. Class 8)", "CMIS 5.0", "LC duplex or MPO-16"],
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Breakout Configurations",
        heading_de: "Breakout-Konfigurationen",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "QSFP modules support breakout — splitting one high-speed port into multiple lower-speed ports. This is common when connecting servers (25G SFP28) to a spine switch (100G QSFP28 port). A breakout cable has one QSFP28 on one end and 4×SFP28 on the other.",
            text_de:
              "QSFP-Module unterstuetzen Breakout — Aufteilung eines Hochgeschwindigkeitsports in mehrere langsamere Ports. Dies ist ueblich beim Anschluss von Servern (25G SFP28) an einen Spine-Switch (100G QSFP28-Port). Ein Breakout-Kabel hat ein QSFP28 auf einer Seite und 4×SFP28 auf der anderen.",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Source Module", "Breakout Result", "Cable Type", "Common Use Case"],
            headers_de: ["Quell-Modul", "Breakout-Ergebnis", "Kabeltyp", "Typischer Anwendungsfall"],
            rows: [
              ["QSFP28 (100G)", "4×SFP28 (25G)", "MPO-12 to 4×LC duplex DAC or AOC", "Spine→Server 100G to 4×25G"],
              ["QSFP28 (100G)", "2×QSFP+ (2×40G)", "Optical breakout", "100G migration, legacy 40G switches"],
              ["QSFP-DD (400G)", "2×QSFP28 (2×200G)", "Cable or optics", "400G leaf to dual 200G servers"],
              ["QSFP-DD (400G)", "4×QSFP28 (4×100G)", "Breakout cable", "Spine to multiple 100G leaf switches"],
              ["QSFP-DD800 (800G)", "2×QSFP-DD (2×400G)", "Breakout optics", "800G spine to dual 400G leaves"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "tip",
            text: "Breakout cables are usually DAC (Direct Attach Copper, ≤5m) or AOC (Active Optical Cable, ≤100m). For longer breakout runs, use a QSFP28 SR4 on one end and 4×SFP28 on the other with a patch panel and MPO-to-LC cassette.",
            text_de:
              "Breakout-Kabel sind meist DAC (Direct Attach Copper, ≤5m) oder AOC (Active Optical Cable, ≤100m). Fuer laengere Breakout-Verbindungen ein QSFP28 SR4 auf einer Seite und 4×SFP28 auf der anderen Seite mit Patchfeld und MPO-zu-LC-Kassette verwenden.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "QSFP-DD: The 400G Workhorse",
        heading_de: "QSFP-DD: Das 400G-Arbeitstier",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "QSFP-DD (Double Density) adds a second row of 8 contacts below the original 8 QSFP contacts, enabling 8 electrical lanes in the same width housing. Each lane carries 50G PAM4, yielding 400G total. QSFP-DD is the dominant form factor in 400G hyperscale data centers.",
            text_de:
              "QSFP-DD (Double Density) fuegt eine zweite Reihe von 8 Kontakten unterhalb der urspruenglichen 8 QSFP-Kontakte hinzu, was 8 elektrische Lanes im gleichen Gehaeuse ermoeglicht. Jede Lane traegt 50G PAM4, ergibt 400G gesamt. QSFP-DD ist der dominante Formfaktor in 400G-Hyperscale-Rechenzentren.",
          },
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "QSFP-DD cage is physically backward compatible with QSFP28, QSFP+, and QSFP modules",
              "Power: standard Class 8 = 12W, Extended Class 8 = 14W, up to ~20W for some ZR modules",
              "Cage requires heatsink; high-power ZR modules may need active cooling clip",
              "CMIS 4.0 or 5.0 management interface — more complex than SFF-8636",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "QSFP-DD-Kaefig ist physisch abwaertskompatibel zu QSFP28, QSFP+ und QSFP-Modulen",
              "Leistung: Standard Klasse 8 = 12W, Erweiterte Klasse 8 = 14W, bis zu ~20W fuer manche ZR-Module",
              "Kaefig benoetigt Kuehlkoerper; Hochleistungs-ZR-Module benoetigen moeglicherweise aktiven Kuehlklemme",
              "CMIS 4.0 oder 5.0 Management-Schnittstelle — komplexer als SFF-8636",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "ff-qsfp-q1",
        lesson: "ff-qsfp-family",
        q: "How many electrical lanes does a QSFP-DD module have?",
        q_de: "Wie viele elektrische Lanes hat ein QSFP-DD-Modul?",
        options: ["4 lanes (same as QSFP28)", "6 lanes", "8 lanes (2 rows)", "16 lanes"],
        options_de: ["4 Lanes (wie QSFP28)", "6 Lanes", "8 Lanes (2 Reihen)", "16 Lanes"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "QSFP-DD has 8 lanes (two rows of 4 contacts each). Each lane carries 50G PAM4 for a total of 400G.",
        explanation_de:
          "QSFP-DD hat 8 Lanes (zwei Reihen mit je 4 Kontakten). Jede Lane traegt 50G PAM4 fuer insgesamt 400G.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-qsfp-q2",
        lesson: "ff-qsfp-family",
        q: "A QSFP-DD cage in a new switch — can you insert a QSFP28 module?",
        q_de: "Ein QSFP-DD-Kaefig in einem neuen Switch — koennen Sie ein QSFP28-Modul einfuehren?",
        options: [
          "No — different physical size",
          "Yes — QSFP-DD is backward compatible with QSFP28",
          "Yes — but only if configured in 4-lane mode",
          "No — different management interface prevents it",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Nein — unterschiedliche physische Groesse",
          "Ja — QSFP-DD ist abwaertskompatibel zu QSFP28",
          "Ja — aber nur im 4-Lane-Modus konfiguriert",
          "Nein — unterschiedliche Managementschnittstelle verhindert es",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "QSFP-DD cages are designed to accept QSFP28, QSFP+, and QSFP modules for backward compatibility. The port will run at 100G with a QSFP28 module.",
        explanation_de:
          "QSFP-DD-Kaefige sind fuer die Aufnahme von QSFP28-, QSFP+- und QSFP-Modulen fuer Abwaertskompatibilitaet ausgelegt. Der Port laeuft mit 100G bei einem QSFP28-Modul.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-qsfp-q3",
        lesson: "ff-qsfp-family",
        q: "A QSFP28 100G module split into 4×SFP28 — this is called what?",
        q_de: "Ein QSFP28 100G-Modul aufgeteilt in 4×SFP28 — wie nennt man das?",
        options: ["Multiplexing", "Breakout", "Trunking", "Bonding"],
        options_de: ["Multiplexing", "Breakout", "Trunking", "Bonding"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "Breaking a high-speed port (e.g., 100G QSFP28) into multiple lower-speed ports (e.g., 4×25G SFP28) is called 'breakout'. Breakout cables (DAC or AOC) are used for short distances.",
        explanation_de:
          "Das Aufteilen eines Hochgeschwindigkeitsports (z. B. 100G QSFP28) in mehrere langsamere Ports (z. B. 4×25G SFP28) heisst 'Breakout'. Breakout-Kabel (DAC oder AOC) werden fuer kurze Distanzen verwendet.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-qsfp-q4",
        lesson: "ff-qsfp-family",
        q: "What is the maximum power of a QSFP-DD module in Extended Class 8?",
        q_de: "Was ist die maximale Leistung eines QSFP-DD-Moduls in Extended Class 8?",
        options: ["4W", "8W", "12W", "Up to ~20W"],
        options_de: ["4W", "8W", "12W", "Bis zu ~20W"],
        answer: 3,
        explanation:
          "Standard QSFP-DD Class 8 is 12W. Extended Class 8 can reach up to ~20W — needed for 400G-ZR coherent modules with DSP ASICs.",
        explanation_de:
          "Standard QSFP-DD Klasse 8 ist 12W. Erweiterte Klasse 8 kann bis zu ~20W erreichen — benoetigt fuer 400G-ZR Coherent-Module mit DSP-ASICs.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-qsfp-q5",
        lesson: "ff-qsfp-family",
        q: "Which QSFP form factor is rated for 800G?",
        q_de: "Welcher QSFP-Formfaktor ist fuer 800G ausgelegt?",
        options: ["QSFP56", "QSFP-DD", "QSFP-DD800", "QSFP-XD"],
        options_de: ["QSFP56", "QSFP-DD", "QSFP-DD800", "QSFP-XD"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "QSFP-DD800 is the 800G version of QSFP-DD, using 8×100G PAM4 lanes with Extended Class 8 power (up to ~20W).",
        explanation_de:
          "QSFP-DD800 ist die 800G-Version von QSFP-DD mit 8×100G PAM4-Lanes und Extended Class 8-Leistung (bis zu ~20W).",
      },
    ],
  },

  {
    id: "ff-connectors",
    category: "form-factors",
    title: "Fiber Connectors and Polarity",
    title_de: "Glasfaserstecker und Polaritaet",
    level: "beginner",
    duration_min: 12,
    summary:
      "Master the connector types used in fiber optic networks — LC, SC, MPO/MTP — and understand the critical concept of polarity that determines whether an MPO link works correctly.",
    summary_de:
      "Beherrschen Sie die in Glasfasernetzwerken verwendeten Steckertypen — LC, SC, MPO/MTP — und verstehen Sie das kritische Konzept der Polaritaet, das bestimmt, ob eine MPO-Verbindung korrekt funktioniert.",
    tags: ["lc", "sc", "mpo", "mtp", "polarity", "connector"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "LC, SC, and Other Common Connectors",
        heading_de: "LC, SC und andere gaengige Stecker",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Connector", "Ferrule Diameter", "Form Factor", "Typical Use", "Key Characteristic"],
            headers_de: ["Stecker", "Ferrule-Durchmesser", "Formfaktor", "Typische Anwendung", "Wesentliches Merkmal"],
            rows: [
              ["LC (Lucent Connector)", "1.25 mm", "Duplex clip", "SFP, SFP+, SFP28, QSFP28 LR4", "Most common in data centers"],
              ["SC (Subscriber Connector)", "2.5 mm", "Push-pull, duplex", "Telecom, older switches, GPON OLT", "Large, but very low loss"],
              ["FC (Ferrule Connector)", "2.5 mm", "Threaded", "Instruments, OTDR test ports", "Mechanical stability"],
              ["ST (Straight Tip)", "2.5 mm", "Bayonet", "Legacy MMF, campus LANs", "Older, being phased out"],
              ["MPO/MTP", "Multi-fiber", "Push-pull (12-32 fibers)", "SR4, SR8, parallel SMF (DR4)", "High-density, used with breakout"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "LC connectors are the de facto standard for modern transceiver connections. The 1.25mm ferrule fits two connectors into the same panel space as one SC, enabling higher port density. The plastic housing clip snaps into the port and must be pressed to release — always check for the latch before pulling.",
            text_de:
              "LC-Stecker sind der De-facto-Standard fuer moderne Transceiver-Verbindungen. Die 1,25-mm-Ferrule ermoeglicht zwei Stecker im gleichen Panelplatz wie ein SC, was eine hoehere Portdichte ergibt. Der Kunststoffgehaeuse-Clip rastet im Port ein und muss zum Loesen gedrueckt werden.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "warning",
            text: "APC (Angled Physical Contact) connectors have a green boot and 8° angled ferrule — they MUST NOT be mated with UPC (flat) connectors. Always verify connector type before plugging. Mixing APC and UPC causes high return loss and can damage the module.",
            text_de:
              "APC-Stecker (Angled Physical Contact) haben einen gruenen Mantel und eine 8°-Winkelferrule — sie DUERFEN NICHT mit UPC-Steckern (flach) gekoppelt werden. Immer den Steckertyp pruefen. Das Mischen von APC und UPC verursacht hohe Rueckflussdaempfung und kann das Modul beschaedigen.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "MPO/MTP Connectors",
        heading_de: "MPO/MTP-Stecker",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "MPO (Multi-fiber Push-On) is defined in IEC 61754-7. It carries multiple fibers in one ferrule — commonly 12, 16, or 24. MTP is the brand name for high-precision MPO connectors from US Conec, offering lower insertion loss. MTP Elite provides ultra-low insertion loss (≤0.15 dB per mating) suitable for 400G.",
            text_de:
              "MPO (Multi-fiber Push-On) ist in IEC 61754-7 definiert. Es traegt mehrere Fasern in einer Ferrule — ueblicherweise 12, 16 oder 24. MTP ist der Markenname fuer hochpraezise MPO-Stecker von US Conec mit geringerem Einfuegungsverlust. MTP Elite bietet ultra-niedrigen Einfuegungsverlust (≤0,15 dB pro Kopplung) fuer 400G.",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Fiber Count", "Standard Use Case", "Compatible Transceiver"],
            headers_de: ["Faseranzahl", "Standard-Anwendungsfall", "Kompatibler Transceiver"],
            rows: [
              ["MPO-12 (12 fibers)", "40GBASE-SR4, 100GBASE-SR4, 400GBASE-DR4", "QSFP+, QSFP28, QSFP-DD (parallel SMF)"],
              ["MPO-16 (16 fibers)", "400GBASE-SR8, 800GBASE-SR8", "QSFP-DD, OSFP"],
              ["MPO-24 (24 fibers)", "2× 100GBASE-SR4 (breakout), trunk cabling", "2× QSFP28"],
              ["MPO-32 (32 fibers)", "High-density trunk cabling", "Multiple modules via breakout"],
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Polarity — The Most Common MPO Mistake",
        heading_de: "Polaritaet — Der haeufigste MPO-Fehler",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "In MPO links, the transmit fibers of one end must connect to the receive fibers of the other end. The way fibers are arranged in the MPO connector determines whether this works correctly — this arrangement is called 'polarity'. Get it wrong and every port shows 'link down'.",
            text_de:
              "In MPO-Verbindungen muessen die Sendefasern eines Endes mit den Empfangsfasern des anderen Endes verbunden werden. Die Anordnung der Fasern im MPO-Stecker bestimmt, ob dies korrekt funktioniert — diese Anordnung heisst 'Polaritaet'. Wenn sie falsch ist, zeigt jeder Port 'Link Down'.",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Polarity Type", "Fiber Arrangement", "When to Use"],
            headers_de: ["Polaritaetstyp", "Faseranordnung", "Wann verwenden"],
            rows: [
              ["Type A (Straight)", "Fiber 1 connects to Fiber 1 on opposite end", "With type B breakout cassettes or flip patch cords"],
              ["Type B (Reversed)", "Fiber 1 connects to Fiber 12 on opposite end", "Most common trunk cable; works with standard breakout cassettes"],
              ["Type C (Pair-flipped)", "Pairs of fibers (1-2) swap positions", "For 40GBASE-SR4 with specific cabling systems"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "key",
            text: "Wrong polarity is the #1 cause of 'link down' on first MPO installation. Always document your polarity scheme before cabling. Most modern data centers standardize on Type B trunk cables with Type A cassettes, which produces correct polarity without manual flipping.",
            text_de:
              "Falsche Polaritaet ist die haeufigste Ursache fuer 'Link Down' bei der ersten MPO-Installation. Immer das Polaritaetsschema vor der Verkabelung dokumentieren. Die meisten modernen Rechenzentren standardisieren auf Type-B-Trunk-Kabel mit Type-A-Kassetten, was korrekte Polaritaet ohne manuelles Spiegeln erzeugt.",
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "ff-conn-q1",
        lesson: "ff-connectors",
        q: "What is the ferrule diameter of an LC connector?",
        q_de: "Was ist der Ferrule-Durchmesser eines LC-Steckers?",
        options: ["2.5 mm", "1.25 mm", "0.9 mm", "3.5 mm"],
        options_de: ["2,5 mm", "1,25 mm", "0,9 mm", "3,5 mm"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "LC connectors have a 1.25mm ferrule, half the size of SC/FC/ST (2.5mm). This allows higher port density — two LC in the same panel space as one SC.",
        explanation_de:
          "LC-Stecker haben eine 1,25-mm-Ferrule, halb so gross wie SC/FC/ST (2,5 mm). Das ermoeglicht hoehere Portdichte — zwei LC im gleichen Panelplatz wie ein SC.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-conn-q2",
        lesson: "ff-connectors",
        q: "An APC connector has a green boot. What does this indicate?",
        q_de: "Ein APC-Stecker hat einen gruenen Mantel. Was zeigt das an?",
        options: [
          "It is a multimode fiber connector",
          "The ferrule is angled at 8° — not compatible with flat UPC connectors",
          "It is certified for 10G and above",
          "It contains a shutter for laser safety",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Es ist ein Mehrmodefaser-Stecker",
          "Die Ferrule ist um 8° geneigt — nicht kompatibel mit flachen UPC-Steckern",
          "Es ist fuer 10G und hoeher zertifiziert",
          "Es enthaelt einen Verschluss fuer Lasersicherheit",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "APC (Angled Physical Contact) connectors have an 8° angled ferrule that reflects backreflections away from the fiber. Green boot = APC. Never mate APC with UPC.",
        explanation_de:
          "APC (Angled Physical Contact)-Stecker haben eine 8°-Winkelferrule, die Rueckreflexionen von der Faser weglenkt. Gruener Mantel = APC. APC niemals mit UPC koppeln.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-conn-q3",
        lesson: "ff-connectors",
        q: "400GBASE-SR8 requires which MPO fiber count?",
        q_de: "Welche MPO-Faseranzahl erfordert 400GBASE-SR8?",
        options: ["MPO-8", "MPO-12", "MPO-16", "MPO-24"],
        options_de: ["MPO-8", "MPO-12", "MPO-16", "MPO-24"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "400GBASE-SR8 uses 8 transmit + 8 receive MMF lanes, requiring MPO-16 connectors (16 fibers per MPO).",
        explanation_de:
          "400GBASE-SR8 verwendet 8 Sende- und 8 Empfangs-MMF-Lanes und benoetigt MPO-16-Stecker (16 Fasern pro MPO).",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-conn-q4",
        lesson: "ff-connectors",
        q: "What causes 'link down' on first MPO installation in most cases?",
        q_de: "Was verursacht in den meisten Faellen 'Link Down' bei der ersten MPO-Installation?",
        options: [
          "Incorrect fiber attenuation specification",
          "Wrong polarity — Tx fibers connected to Tx instead of Rx",
          "Insufficient laser power in the module",
          "Incompatible EEPROM version",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Falsche Faseraempfungsspezifikation",
          "Falsche Polaritaet — Sendefasern mit Sendefasern statt Empfangsfasern verbunden",
          "Ungenuegend Laserleistung im Modul",
          "Inkompatible EEPROM-Version",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "Wrong polarity means Tx fibers connect to the Tx side of the opposite module instead of Rx — both modules can only transmit or only receive. Polarity must be verified before or after cabling.",
        explanation_de:
          "Falsche Polaritaet bedeutet, dass Sendefasern mit der Sendeseite des gegenueberliegenden Moduls verbunden werden statt mit Empfangsseite — beide Module koennen nur senden oder nur empfangen. Polaritaet muss vor oder nach der Verkabelung geprueft werden.",
      },
    ],
  },

  {
    id: "ff-osfp-nextgen",
    category: "form-factors",
    title: "OSFP and Next-Generation Form Factors",
    title_de: "OSFP und naechste Formfaktor-Generationen",
    level: "intermediate",
    duration_min: 10,
    summary:
      "OSFP was created for 800G and high-power coherent modules where QSFP-DD's thermal design is insufficient. Learn OSFP specifications, limitations, and where the industry is headed with co-packaged optics.",
    summary_de:
      "OSFP wurde fuer 800G und hochleistungsstarke Coherent-Module entwickelt, bei denen das thermische Design von QSFP-DD ungenuegend ist. Lernen Sie OSFP-Spezifikationen, Einschraenkungen und wohin die Branche mit Co-packaged Optics geht.",
    tags: ["osfp", "800g", "co-packaged", "form-factor", "next-gen"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "Why OSFP Was Needed",
        heading_de: "Warum OSFP benoetigt wurde",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "QSFP-DD supports up to 12–14W in standard configurations. As 800G modules and coherent ZR modules demand 20–35W, the QSFP-DD thermal envelope becomes insufficient. OSFP (Octal SFP) was designed with a larger footprint to accommodate higher power budgets and more efficient heatsinking.",
            text_de:
              "QSFP-DD unterstuetzt bis zu 12–14W in Standardkonfigurationen. Da 800G-Module und Coherent-ZR-Module 20–35W benoetigen, wird das thermische QSFP-DD-Envelope ungenuegend. OSFP (Octal SFP) wurde mit einem groesseren Footprint entwickelt, um hoehere Leistungsbudgets und effizientere Waermeableitung zu ermoeglichen.",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Spec", "QSFP-DD", "OSFP"],
            headers_de: ["Spezifikation", "QSFP-DD", "OSFP"],
            rows: [
              ["Electrical lanes", "8", "8"],
              ["Max speed", "400G (800G-DD800)", "800G"],
              ["Max power (std)", "12W (Class 8)", "15W (Class 1)"],
              ["Max power (ext)", "~20W (Ext. Class 8)", "35W (Class 9)"],
              ["Width", "18.4 mm", "22.6 mm"],
              ["Length", "72.4 mm", "107.8 mm"],
              ["Backward compat", "QSFP28, QSFP+", "No backward compat"],
              ["MSA body", "QSFP-DD MSA", "OSFP MSA"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "warning",
            text: "OSFP and QSFP-DD slots are physically incompatible. Never try to insert one into the other. When choosing a switch for 400G-ZR or 800G coherent, verify which slot type it has — some switches offer both types on different port groups.",
            text_de:
              "OSFP- und QSFP-DD-Steckplaetze sind physisch nicht kompatibel. Niemals eines in das andere einstecken versuchen. Beim Auswaehlen eines Switches fuer 400G-ZR oder 800G Coherent prufen, welchen Steckplatztyp er hat — einige Switches bieten beide Typen in verschiedenen Portgruppen.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Where OSFP Is Used",
        heading_de: "Wo OSFP eingesetzt wird",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "800G direct-detect: 800GBASE-SR8, 800GBASE-DR8 — datacenter spine switches",
              "400G-ZR coherent at high density: where 35W per port is needed and QSFP-DD thermal is insufficient",
              "Hyperscaler leaf-spine at 800G (Meta, Google building 800G fabrics with OSFP)",
              "Service provider core routers with 800G line cards",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "800G Direct-Detect: 800GBASE-SR8, 800GBASE-DR8 — Rechenzentrum-Spine-Switches",
              "400G-ZR Coherent bei hoher Dichte: wo 35W pro Port benoetigt werden und QSFP-DD thermisch ungenuegend ist",
              "Hyperscaler Leaf-Spine bei 800G (Meta, Google bauen 800G-Fabrics mit OSFP)",
              "Service Provider Core-Router mit 800G Line Cards",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Co-Packaged Optics: The Next Frontier",
        heading_de: "Co-packaged Optics: Die naechste Grenze",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "Beyond pluggables, the industry is developing Co-Packaged Optics (CPO) — where the optical engines are integrated directly onto the switch ASIC package, eliminating the electrical copper lanes between ASIC and pluggable cage. This dramatically reduces power and signal loss.",
            text_de:
              "Jenseits von Pluggables entwickelt die Branche Co-packaged Optics (CPO) — wo die optischen Engines direkt in das Switch-ASIC-Paket integriert werden, sodass die elektrischen Kupferleitungen zwischen ASIC und Pluggable-Kaefig entfallen. Das reduziert Leistung und Signalverlust erheblich.",
          },
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "CPO: optical engine co-packaged with ASIC on the same PCB substrate",
              "On-Board Optics (OBO): optics on the PCB, not co-packaged with ASIC",
              "Silicon Photonics: using CMOS fab processes to build optical components in silicon",
              "Timeline: CPO in hyperscale production 2025–2027; pluggables will remain dominant for 5–10+ years",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "CPO: optische Engine co-packaged mit ASIC auf demselben PCB-Substrat",
              "On-Board Optics (OBO): Optiken auf der Leiterplatte, nicht mit dem ASIC co-packaged",
              "Silicon Photonics: Verwendung von CMOS-Fab-Prozessen zum Aufbau optischer Komponenten in Silizium",
              "Timeline: CPO in Hyperscale-Produktion 2025–2027; Pluggables bleiben 5–10+ Jahre dominant",
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "info",
            text: "For enterprise networks and most service providers, pluggable form factors (QSFP-DD, OSFP) will remain the standard for the foreseeable future. CPO is primarily a hyperscaler concern at 2025+ timescales.",
            text_de:
              "Fuer Enterprise-Netzwerke und die meisten Service-Provider bleiben Pluggable-Formfaktoren (QSFP-DD, OSFP) auf absehbare Zeit der Standard. CPO ist hauptsaechlich ein Hyperscaler-Thema ab 2025+.",
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "ff-osfp-q1",
        lesson: "ff-osfp-nextgen",
        q: "What is the maximum power consumption of an OSFP Class 9 module?",
        q_de: "Was ist der maximale Stromverbrauch eines OSFP Klasse 9 Moduls?",
        options: ["12W", "20W", "35W", "50W"],
        options_de: ["12W", "20W", "35W", "50W"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "OSFP Class 9 supports up to 35W per port — enabling 800G coherent DSP modules and high-power ZR+ implementations.",
        explanation_de:
          "OSFP Klasse 9 unterstuetzt bis zu 35W pro Port — fuer 800G Coherent-DSP-Module und Hochleistungs-ZR+-Implementierungen.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-osfp-q2",
        lesson: "ff-osfp-nextgen",
        q: "Can OSFP modules be inserted into QSFP-DD cages?",
        q_de: "Koennen OSFP-Module in QSFP-DD-Kaefige eingesteckt werden?",
        options: [
          "Yes — same electrical interface",
          "Yes — with an adapter",
          "No — physically incompatible, different width",
          "Only for 400G modules",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Ja — gleiche elektrische Schnittstelle",
          "Ja — mit einem Adapter",
          "Nein — physisch inkompatibel, unterschiedliche Breite",
          "Nur fuer 400G-Module",
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "OSFP (22.6mm wide) and QSFP-DD (18.4mm wide) are physically incompatible. The larger OSFP slot exists specifically to support higher power without backtracking compatibility.",
        explanation_de:
          "OSFP (22,6 mm breit) und QSFP-DD (18,4 mm breit) sind physisch inkompatibel. Der groessere OSFP-Steckplatz existiert speziell zur Unterstuetzung hoeherer Leistung.",
      },
      {
        id: "ff-osfp-q3",
        lesson: "ff-osfp-nextgen",
        q: "What is Co-Packaged Optics (CPO)?",
        q_de: "Was sind Co-packaged Optics (CPO)?",
        options: [
          "A new form factor that combines SFP and QSFP in one slot",
          "Optical engines integrated directly onto the switch ASIC package",
          "A type of coherent module for 400G-ZR",
          "Copper DAC cables with optical connectors at the ends",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Ein neuer Formfaktor, der SFP und QSFP in einem Steckplatz kombiniert",
          "Optische Engines, die direkt in das Switch-ASIC-Paket integriert sind",
          "Eine Art Coherent-Modul fuer 400G-ZR",
          "Kupfer-DAC-Kabel mit optischen Steckern an den Enden",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "CPO integrates optical transceivers directly with the switch ASIC on the same package, eliminating the copper electrical lanes between ASIC and pluggable cage that limit bandwidth at 1.6T+.",
        explanation_de:
          "CPO integriert optische Transceiver direkt mit dem Switch-ASIC auf demselben Paket und eliminiert die elektrischen Kupferleitungen zwischen ASIC und Pluggable-Kaefig, die bei 1,6T+ die Bandbreite begrenzen.",
      },
    ],
  },
];
