import type { TrainingLesson } from "./types";

export const standardsLessons: TrainingLesson[] = [
  {
    id: "std-ieee-intro",
    category: "standards",
    title: "IEEE 802.3 Overview",
    title_de: "IEEE 802.3 Grundlagen",
    level: "beginner",
    duration_min: 10,
    summary:
      "Learn how the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard is organized, how new amendments are developed, and how to decode transceiver naming conventions.",
    summary_de:
      "Verstehen Sie, wie der IEEE 802.3 Ethernet-Standard aufgebaut ist, wie neue Ergaenzungen entstehen und wie Sie Transceiver-Bezeichnungen entschluesseln.",
    tags: ["standards", "ieee", "ethernet", "naming"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "What Is IEEE 802.3?",
        heading_de: "Was ist IEEE 802.3?",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "IEEE 802.3 is the international standard that defines Ethernet — the most widely deployed networking technology in the world. It specifies everything from the electrical signaling at the physical layer to the frame format at the MAC layer. Published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the standard is maintained by a working group of vendors, operators, and academic researchers.",
            text_de:
              "IEEE 802.3 ist der internationale Standard, der Ethernet definiert — die weltweit am weitesten verbreitete Netzwerktechnologie. Er legt alles fest, von der elektrischen Signalisierung auf der physikalischen Schicht bis zum Frame-Format auf der MAC-Schicht. Der Standard wird von einem IEEE-Gremium aus Herstellern, Betreibern und Forschern gepflegt.",
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "The base standard was published in 1983 as a 10 Mbps CSMA/CD LAN. Since then, it has been extended through amendments (denoted by lower-case letters, e.g., 802.3ae) that add new physical layers while keeping the MAC layer backward compatible. Every few years, all active amendments are consolidated into a new base edition.",
            text_de:
              "Der Grundstandard wurde 1983 als 10-Mbit/s-CSMA/CD-LAN veroeffentlicht. Seitdem wurde er durch Ergaenzungen (mit Kleinbuchstaben bezeichnet, z. B. 802.3ae) erweitert, die neue physikalische Schichten hinzufuegen, waehrend die MAC-Schicht abwaertskompatibel bleibt.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "info",
            text: "The current consolidated base edition is IEEE 802.3-2022. It incorporates all amendments up to and including 802.3ct. Always reference this if you need the full standard text.",
            text_de:
              "Die aktuelle konsolidierte Basisausgabe ist IEEE 802.3-2022. Sie umfasst alle Ergaenzungen bis einschliesslich 802.3ct.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "How the Standard Is Developed",
        heading_de: "Wie der Standard entwickelt wird",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "New Ethernet standards go through a formal IEEE process. First, a Study Group investigates whether there is industry demand. If approved, a Task Force is formed and a Project Authorization Request (PAR) is submitted. The Task Force meets (typically quarterly) and develops draft specifications. After letter ballot and sponsor ballot, the amendment is published.",
            text_de:
              "Neue Ethernet-Standards durchlaufen einen formalen IEEE-Prozess. Zuerst untersucht eine Study Group den Bedarf. Wenn genehmigt, wird eine Task Force gebildet und ein Project Authorization Request (PAR) eingereicht. Nach Abstimmungen wird die Ergaenzung veroeffentlicht.",
          },
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "Study Group → feasibility and requirements (6–18 months)",
              "Task Force → draft specification development (2–4 years)",
              "Letter Ballot → 75% approval required from voting members",
              "Sponsor Ballot → broader IEEE-SA review",
              "Publication → typically 4–6 years from start to published standard",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "Study Group → Machbarkeit und Anforderungen (6–18 Monate)",
              "Task Force → Entwicklung des Entwurfs (2–4 Jahre)",
              "Letter Ballot → 75 % Zustimmung erforderlich",
              "Sponsor Ballot → breitere IEEE-SA-Pruefung",
              "Veroeffentlichung → typisch 4–6 Jahre vom Start bis zur Publikation",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "How to Read IEEE 802.3 Names",
        heading_de: "IEEE 802.3 Bezeichnungen lesen",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "Optical transceiver names follow the pattern: Speed + BASE + Medium. For example, 10GBASE-LR means 10 Gigabit Ethernet, baseband (BASE), Long Reach single-mode fiber. Understanding this notation lets you quickly identify what a module does.",
            text_de:
              "Optische Transceiver folgen dem Schema: Geschwindigkeit + BASE + Medium. Zum Beispiel bedeutet 10GBASE-LR: 10-Gigabit-Ethernet, Basisbandmodulation (BASE), Einzelmode-Faser mit langer Reichweite (Long Reach).",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Code", "Meaning", "Examples"],
            headers_de: ["Kuerzel", "Bedeutung", "Beispiele"],
            rows: [
              ["S", "Short reach (multimode, typically ≤300m)", "10GBASE-SR, 100GBASE-SR4"],
              ["L", "Long reach (single-mode, typically ≤10km)", "10GBASE-LR, 100GBASE-LR4"],
              ["E", "Extended reach (≤40km SMF)", "10GBASE-ER, 400GBASE-ER8"],
              ["Z", "Ultra-long reach (≥70km SMF)", "10GBASE-ZR"],
              ["D", "Direct attach / PSM (parallel SMF, ≤500m)", "100GBASE-DR, 400GBASE-DR4"],
              ["F", "Far reach (2–10km SMF, typically CWDM4)", "100GBASE-FR, 400GBASE-FR4"],
              ["R", "NRZ encoding (single-lane at full rate)", "100GBASE-DR"],
              ["4", "4 lanes (WDM or parallel)", "100GBASE-LR4, 40GBASE-SR4"],
              ["8", "8 lanes", "400GBASE-SR8, 800GBASE-DR8"],
              ["T", "Twisted pair copper", "1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-T"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "tip",
            text: "The number after the reach code (SR4, LR4) indicates how many fiber lanes or WDM channels are used. SR4 uses 4 parallel fibers (MPO connector). LR4 uses 4 WDM wavelengths on 2 fibers (LC connector).",
            text_de:
              "Die Zahl nach dem Reichweitencode (SR4, LR4) gibt an, wie viele Fasern oder WDM-Kanaele verwendet werden. SR4 nutzt 4 parallele Fasern (MPO-Stecker). LR4 verwendet 4 WDM-Wellenlaengen auf 2 Fasern (LC-Stecker).",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Major IEEE 802.3 Amendments",
        heading_de: "Wichtige IEEE 802.3 Ergaenzungen",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Amendment", "Year", "Key Addition", "Max Speed"],
            headers_de: ["Ergaenzung", "Jahr", "Neuerung", "Max. Geschwindigkeit"],
            rows: [
              ["802.3z", "1998", "1000BASE-SX/LX (Gigabit Fiber)", "1 Gbps"],
              ["802.3ae", "2002", "10GBASE-SR/LR/ER/LRM (10G Fiber)", "10 Gbps"],
              ["802.3an", "2006", "10GBASE-T (10G Copper)", "10 Gbps"],
              ["802.3ba", "2010", "40GBASE/100GBASE (first 40G and 100G)", "100 Gbps"],
              ["802.3bj", "2014", "100GBASE-CR4/KR4 (backplane and DAC)", "100 Gbps"],
              ["802.3bm", "2015", "100GBASE-SR4, 40GBASE-SR4 improvements", "100 Gbps"],
              ["802.3bq", "2016", "25GBASE-T, 40GBASE-T (copper)", "40 Gbps"],
              ["802.3cd", "2018", "50GBASE-SR/FR/LR, 100/200G PAM4", "200 Gbps"],
              ["802.3ck", "2022", "100GBASE-CR1/KR1/DR, 400G electrical", "400 Gbps"],
              ["802.3df", "2023", "800GBASE-DR8/SR8/VR8, 1.6T roadmap", "800 Gbps"],
              ["802.3dj", "In progress", "1.6TBASE-DX16 and beyond", "1600 Gbps"],
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "std-ieee-q1",
        lesson: "std-ieee-intro",
        q: "What does 'BASE' in 10GBASE-LR mean?",
        q_de: "Was bedeutet 'BASE' in 10GBASE-LR?",
        options: [
          "Baseband transmission (not modulated onto a carrier)",
          "Basic Access Standard Ethernet",
          "Bidirectional Access to Single-mode Ethernet",
          "Broadband Analog Signal Encoding",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Basisband-Uebertragung (nicht auf einen Traeger moduliert)",
          "Basic Access Standard Ethernet",
          "Bidirektionaler Zugang zu Einzelmode-Ethernet",
          "Breitband-Analogsignalcodierung",
        ],
        answer: 0,
        explanation:
          "BASE indicates baseband signaling — the full channel bandwidth is used for a single signal. This is in contrast to broadband systems that modulate onto a carrier frequency.",
        explanation_de:
          "BASE steht fuer Basisband-Signalisierung — die gesamte Kanalbandbreite wird fuer ein einzelnes Signal genutzt.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-ieee-q2",
        lesson: "std-ieee-intro",
        q: "Which IEEE 802.3 amendment first introduced 100 Gigabit Ethernet?",
        q_de: "Welche IEEE 802.3 Ergaenzung fuehrte 100-Gigabit-Ethernet erstmals ein?",
        options: ["802.3ae", "802.3bm", "802.3ba", "802.3ck"],
        options_de: ["802.3ae", "802.3bm", "802.3ba", "802.3ck"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "802.3ba (2010) was the first amendment to define both 40GbE and 100GbE physical layers.",
        explanation_de:
          "802.3ba (2010) war die erste Ergaenzung, die sowohl 40-GbE- als auch 100-GbE-Physical-Layer definierte.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-ieee-q3",
        lesson: "std-ieee-intro",
        q: "What does the '4' in 100GBASE-SR4 indicate?",
        q_de: "Was bedeutet die '4' in 100GBASE-SR4?",
        options: [
          "The module operates at 400 Gbps total",
          "4 fiber lanes or WDM channels carry the 100G signal",
          "The module version is 4th generation",
          "The cable can be up to 4 km long",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Das Modul uebertraegt insgesamt 400 Gbps",
          "4 Fasern oder WDM-Kanaele uebertragen das 100G-Signal",
          "Es handelt sich um die 4. Modulgeneration",
          "Das Kabel kann bis zu 4 km lang sein",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "The suffix '4' means 4 lanes. 100GBASE-SR4 uses 4 parallel MMF lanes at 25 Gbps each via an MPO-12 connector.",
        explanation_de:
          "Das Suffix '4' bedeutet 4 Faserlaenge oder Kanaele. 100GBASE-SR4 verwendet 4 parallele Mehrmode-Fasern mit je 25 Gbps ueber einen MPO-12-Stecker.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-ieee-q4",
        lesson: "std-ieee-intro",
        q: "How long does it typically take from forming an IEEE 802.3 Task Force to a published standard?",
        q_de: "Wie lange dauert es typischerweise von der Task-Force-Gruendung bis zur Veroeffentlichung eines IEEE 802.3 Standards?",
        options: ["6–12 months", "1–2 years", "4–6 years", "10+ years"],
        options_de: ["6–12 Monate", "1–2 Jahre", "4–6 Jahre", "Mehr als 10 Jahre"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "The IEEE process is thorough. From Task Force formation through balloting to publication typically takes 4–6 years.",
        explanation_de:
          "Der IEEE-Prozess ist gruendlich. Von der Task-Force-Gruendung bis zur Veroeffentlichung dauert es typischerweise 4–6 Jahre.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-ieee-q5",
        lesson: "std-ieee-intro",
        q: "A module labeled 400GBASE-DR4 uses how many fiber lanes?",
        q_de: "Wie viele Faserkanaele verwendet ein Modul der Bezeichnung 400GBASE-DR4?",
        options: ["1 lane (single-mode PAM4)", "2 lanes (bidirectional)", "4 lanes (parallel SMF)", "8 lanes (parallel MMF)"],
        options_de: [
          "1 Lane (Einzelmode PAM4)",
          "2 Lanes (bidirektional)",
          "4 Lanes (parallele Einzelmodefasern)",
          "8 Lanes (parallele Mehrmofasern)",
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "DR4 = 4 parallel single-mode fiber lanes (PSM4), each carrying 100G, via an MPO-12 connector. Reach is 500m.",
        explanation_de:
          "DR4 = 4 parallele Einzelmodefasern (PSM4), jede mit 100 Gbps, ueber einen MPO-12-Stecker. Reichweite: 500 m.",
      },
    ],
  },

  {
    id: "std-1g-10g",
    category: "standards",
    title: "1G and 10G Ethernet Standards",
    title_de: "1G- und 10G-Ethernet-Standards",
    level: "beginner",
    duration_min: 12,
    summary:
      "A detailed look at 1 Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet optical standards — variants, fiber requirements, wavelengths, and maximum reach.",
    summary_de:
      "Ein detaillierter Ueberblick ueber 1-Gigabit- und 10-Gigabit-Ethernet-optische Standards: Varianten, Faseranforderungen, Wellenlaengen und maximale Reichweiten.",
    tags: ["1g", "10g", "sfp", "sfp+", "standards"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "1 Gigabit Ethernet Optical Standards",
        heading_de: "1-Gigabit-Ethernet optische Standards",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-X) was standardized in IEEE 802.3z (1998). It was the first major fiber Ethernet standard and remains widely deployed — particularly in access and aggregation layers, storage networks (as 1GFC base), and legacy infrastructure.",
            text_de:
              "Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-X) wurde in IEEE 802.3z (1998) standardisiert. Es war der erste grosse Glasfaser-Ethernet-Standard und ist nach wie vor weit verbreitet, insbesondere im Zugangsnetz, in Storage-Netzwerken und in Legacy-Infrastrukturen.",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Standard", "Wavelength", "Fiber Type", "Max Reach", "Connector"],
            headers_de: ["Standard", "Wellenlaenge", "Fasertyp", "Max. Reichweite", "Stecker"],
            rows: [
              ["1000BASE-SX", "850 nm", "OM1 (62.5µm)", "220 m", "LC duplex"],
              ["1000BASE-SX", "850 nm", "OM2 (50µm)", "550 m", "LC duplex"],
              ["1000BASE-LX", "1310 nm", "OM1/OM2 (with conditioner)", "550 m", "LC duplex"],
              ["1000BASE-LX", "1310 nm", "OS1/OS2 single-mode", "10 km", "LC duplex"],
              ["1000BASE-EX", "1310 nm", "OS1/OS2 single-mode", "40 km", "LC duplex"],
              ["1000BASE-ZX", "1550 nm", "OS1/OS2 single-mode", "70–80 km", "LC duplex"],
              ["1000BASE-BX10", "1310/1490 nm", "OS1/OS2 (BiDi)", "10 km", "LC simplex"],
              ["1000BASE-T", "N/A (copper)", "Cat5e/Cat6", "100 m", "RJ-45"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "warning",
            text: "Do not confuse 1000BASE-LX with 10GBASE-LR. LX is 1G on single-mode at 1310nm; LR is 10G on single-mode at 1310nm. Mixing them up in an order is a very common mistake.",
            text_de:
              "Verwechseln Sie nicht 1000BASE-LX mit 10GBASE-LR. LX ist 1G auf Einzelmodefaser bei 1310 nm; LR ist 10G bei 1310 nm. Diese Verwechslung ist einer der haeufigsten Bestellfehler.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "10 Gigabit Ethernet Optical Standards",
        heading_de: "10-Gigabit-Ethernet optische Standards",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "10GbE was standardized in IEEE 802.3ae (2002) and dramatically expanded data center and WAN capacity. The SFP+ form factor made 10G the workhorse of modern networks. 10G remains heavily deployed and remains the most cost-effective port for most applications.",
            text_de:
              "10GbE wurde in IEEE 802.3ae (2002) standardisiert und erweiterte Data-Center- und WAN-Kapazitaeten erheblich. Das SFP+-Formfaktor machte 10G zur Arbeitsgrundlage moderner Netzwerke.",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Standard", "Wavelength", "Fiber Type", "Max Reach", "Typical Use"],
            headers_de: ["Standard", "Wellenlaenge", "Fasertyp", "Max. Reichweite", "Typische Anwendung"],
            rows: [
              ["10GBASE-SR", "850 nm", "OM3 (50µm)", "300 m", "Data center server access"],
              ["10GBASE-SR", "850 nm", "OM4 (50µm)", "400 m", "Data center, long runs"],
              ["10GBASE-LR", "1310 nm", "OS1/OS2 SMF", "10 km", "Campus, MAN, inter-building"],
              ["10GBASE-ER", "1550 nm", "OS1/OS2 SMF", "40 km", "Metro / edge aggregation"],
              ["10GBASE-ZR", "1550 nm", "OS2 SMF (low loss)", "80 km", "Long-haul SONET/SDH replacement"],
              ["10GBASE-LRM", "1310 nm", "OM1/OM2 legacy MMF", "220 m", "Upgrading legacy MMF links"],
              ["10GBASE-T", "N/A (copper)", "Cat6A / Cat7", "100 m", "Server access with existing copper"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "key",
            text: "10GBASE-LRM was designed specifically to allow 10G upgrades over legacy 62.5µm OM1 fiber — at the cost of higher module price and shorter reach than SR. If you have OM3/OM4, always prefer SR.",
            text_de:
              "10GBASE-LRM wurde speziell fuer 10G-Upgrades ueber aeltere 62,5-µm-OM1-Fasern entwickelt — auf Kosten eines hoeheren Modulpreises und kuerzerer Reichweite als SR. Mit OM3/OM4 immer SR bevorzugen.",
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "10GBASE-ZR is not formally defined in IEEE 802.3 — it is an industry-standard extension widely adopted by vendors. The actual IEEE standard stops at ER (40km). ZR modules are tested to 80km but specifications vary by manufacturer.",
            text_de:
              "10GBASE-ZR ist nicht offiziell in IEEE 802.3 definiert — es handelt sich um eine von der Industrie weitgehend akzeptierte Erweiterung. Der eigentliche IEEE-Standard endet bei ER (40 km). ZR-Module werden auf 80 km getestet, die Spezifikationen variieren jedoch je nach Hersteller.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Choosing Between 1G and 10G",
        heading_de: "Wahl zwischen 1G und 10G",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "Access layer to servers: 10G SFP+ SR is the standard choice (100m typical, $30-80 module)",
              "Storage (iSCSI, FCoE): 10G minimum, often jumping directly to 25G for new deployments",
              "IP phones, IoT, PoE: 1G copper (1000BASE-T) suffices",
              "Aggregation uplinks: 10G→40G→100G depending on server count",
              "Campus backbone: 10G if buildings are within 10km, otherwise ZR/ER for distance",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "Zugangsnetz zu Servern: 10G SFP+ SR ist Standard (100m typisch, 30–80 EUR/Modul)",
              "Storage (iSCSI, FCoE): Mindestens 10G, neue Deployments oft direkt 25G",
              "IP-Telefone, IoT, PoE: 1G Kupfer (1000BASE-T) genuegt",
              "Aggregations-Uplinks: 10G→40G→100G je nach Server-Anzahl",
              "Campus-Backbone: 10G bis 10 km, sonst ZR/ER fuer groessere Distanzen",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "std-1g10g-q1",
        lesson: "std-1g-10g",
        q: "What is the maximum reach of 1000BASE-SX over OM3 fiber?",
        q_de: "Welche maximale Reichweite hat 1000BASE-SX ueber OM3-Faser?",
        options: ["220 m", "550 m", "10 km", "40 km"],
        options_de: ["220 m", "550 m", "10 km", "40 km"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "1000BASE-SX achieves 550m over OM2 (50µm) or OM3/OM4 fiber. Over legacy OM1 (62.5µm), reach drops to 220m.",
        explanation_de:
          "1000BASE-SX erreicht 550 m ueber OM2 (50µm) oder OM3/OM4-Faser. Ueber Legacy-OM1 (62,5µm) sinkt die Reichweite auf 220 m.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-1g10g-q2",
        lesson: "std-1g-10g",
        q: "Which 10G standard was designed specifically for upgrading legacy OM1 multimode fiber?",
        q_de: "Welcher 10G-Standard wurde speziell fuer Upgrades ueber aeltere OM1-Mehrmodefasern entwickelt?",
        options: ["10GBASE-SR", "10GBASE-LR", "10GBASE-LRM", "10GBASE-ER"],
        options_de: ["10GBASE-SR", "10GBASE-LR", "10GBASE-LRM", "10GBASE-ER"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "10GBASE-LRM (Long Reach Multimode) was designed to achieve 220m over legacy 62.5µm OM1 fiber, enabling 10G upgrades without replacing existing cable.",
        explanation_de:
          "10GBASE-LRM (Long Reach Multimode) wurde entwickelt, um 220 m ueber aeltere 62,5-µm-OM1-Fasern zu erreichen.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-1g10g-q3",
        lesson: "std-1g-10g",
        q: "10GBASE-ZR is formally defined in which IEEE standard?",
        q_de: "In welchem IEEE-Standard ist 10GBASE-ZR formal definiert?",
        options: [
          "IEEE 802.3ae",
          "IEEE 802.3bm",
          "It is NOT formally defined in IEEE 802.3 — it's an industry extension",
          "IEEE 802.3an",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "IEEE 802.3ae",
          "IEEE 802.3bm",
          "Es ist NICHT formal in IEEE 802.3 definiert — es handelt sich um eine Industrie-Erweiterung",
          "IEEE 802.3an",
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "ZR (80km) is NOT in the IEEE standard. The standard ends at ER (40km, 802.3ae). ZR is a de-facto industry specification implemented consistently by major vendors but without formal standardization.",
        explanation_de:
          "ZR (80 km) ist NICHT im IEEE-Standard enthalten. Der Standard endet bei ER (40 km, 802.3ae). ZR ist eine de-facto Industriespezifikation.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-1g10g-q4",
        lesson: "std-1g-10g",
        q: "What is the maximum reach of 10GBASE-ER?",
        q_de: "Welche maximale Reichweite hat 10GBASE-ER?",
        options: ["10 km", "40 km", "80 km", "120 km"],
        options_de: ["10 km", "40 km", "80 km", "120 km"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "10GBASE-ER (Extended Reach) operates at 1550nm on single-mode fiber with a maximum reach of 40km.",
        explanation_de:
          "10GBASE-ER (Extended Reach) arbeitet bei 1550 nm auf Einzelmodefaser mit maximal 40 km Reichweite.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-1g10g-q5",
        lesson: "std-1g-10g",
        q: "A 1000BASE-BX10 module uses which connector type and why?",
        q_de: "Welchen Steckertyp verwendet ein 1000BASE-BX10-Modul und warum?",
        options: [
          "LC duplex — because it uses two fibers for Tx and Rx",
          "MPO-12 — because it uses 12 parallel fibers",
          "LC simplex — because BiDi uses different wavelengths on a single fiber",
          "SC duplex — because SC is required for BiDi signaling",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "LC duplex — weil es zwei Fasern fuer Senden und Empfangen verwendet",
          "MPO-12 — weil 12 parallele Fasern genutzt werden",
          "LC simplex — weil BiDi unterschiedliche Wellenlaengen auf einer einzigen Faser nutzt",
          "SC duplex — weil SC fuer BiDi-Signalisierung erforderlich ist",
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "BiDi (Bidirectional) modules use two different wavelengths (1310nm Tx, 1490nm Rx) multiplexed onto a single fiber — requiring only one fiber and therefore a simplex LC connector.",
        explanation_de:
          "BiDi-Module verwenden zwei verschiedene Wellenlaengen (1310 nm Senden, 1490 nm Empfangen) auf einer einzigen Faser — daher nur ein Faserkanal und ein LC-Simplex-Stecker.",
      },
    ],
  },

  {
    id: "std-100g",
    category: "standards",
    title: "100G Ethernet Standards",
    title_de: "100G-Ethernet-Standards",
    level: "intermediate",
    duration_min: 15,
    summary:
      "Deep dive into the many variants of 100 Gigabit Ethernet — from SR4 in data centers to ZR coherent for long-haul — with form factors, fiber requirements, and cost trade-offs.",
    summary_de:
      "Detaillierter Ueberblick ueber die vielen Varianten von 100-Gigabit-Ethernet — von SR4 im Rechenzentrum bis ZR-Coherent fuer Langstrecken — mit Formfaktoren, Faseranforderungen und Kostenvergleichen.",
    tags: ["100g", "qsfp28", "cwdm4", "dr", "fr", "lr4", "coherent"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "Why So Many 100G Variants?",
        heading_de: "Warum so viele 100G-Varianten?",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "100G is the most fragmented speed tier in Ethernet history, with standards from multiple bodies (IEEE, OIF, MSA groups) and a wide range of reach requirements — from 100m in a data center to 80km for metro DWDM. Each application required a different optical design, leading to many variants.",
            text_de:
              "100G ist die fragmentierteste Geschwindigkeitsstufe in der Ethernet-Geschichte, mit Standards von mehreren Gremien (IEEE, OIF, MSA-Gruppen) und einem breiten Bereich von Reichweitenanforderungen — von 100 m im Rechenzentrum bis zu 80 km fuer Metro-DWDM. Jede Anwendung erforderte ein anderes optisches Design.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "info",
            text: "The dominant 100G variants by volume are: SR4 (data center servers), CWDM4/LR4 (campus/MAN, 10km), DR (campus 500m), and ZR (metro coherent). Know these four and you cover 90%+ of deployments.",
            text_de:
              "Die volumenstarksten 100G-Varianten sind: SR4 (Rechenzentrum-Server), CWDM4/LR4 (Campus/MAN, 10 km), DR (Campus 500 m) und ZR (Metro Coherent). Diese vier abzudecken genuegt fuer 90 %+ aller Installationen.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "100G Variants Comparison Table",
        heading_de: "Vergleichstabelle 100G-Varianten",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Standard", "Lanes", "Encoding", "Wavelength", "Fiber", "Max Reach", "Connector", "Form Factor"],
            headers_de: ["Standard", "Lanes", "Kodierung", "Wellenlaenge", "Faser", "Max. Reichweite", "Stecker", "Formfaktor"],
            rows: [
              ["100GBASE-SR4", "4×25G", "NRZ", "850 nm", "OM3/OM4 MMF", "70m/100m", "MPO-12", "QSFP28"],
              ["100GBASE-LR4", "4×25G WDM", "NRZ", "1295–1310 nm", "OS2 SMF", "10 km", "LC duplex", "QSFP28"],
              ["100GBASE-ER4", "4×25G WDM", "NRZ", "LWDM (1295–1310nm)", "OS2 SMF", "40 km", "LC duplex", "QSFP28/CFP2"],
              ["100GBASE-DR", "1×100G", "PAM4", "1310 nm", "OS2 SMF", "500 m", "LC duplex", "QSFP28"],
              ["100GBASE-FR", "1×100G", "PAM4", "1310 nm", "OS2 SMF", "2 km", "LC duplex", "QSFP28"],
              ["100GBASE-LR", "1×100G", "PAM4", "1310 nm", "OS2 SMF", "10 km", "LC duplex", "QSFP28"],
              ["CWDM4 MSA", "4×25G CWDM", "NRZ", "1271–1331 nm", "OS2 SMF", "2 km", "LC duplex", "QSFP28"],
              ["PSM4 MSA", "4×25G", "NRZ", "1310 nm (4×)", "OS2 SMF (8 fibers)", "500 m", "MPO-12", "QSFP28"],
              ["100G-ZR (OIF)", "1×100G coherent", "DP-QPSK", "C-band DWDM", "OS2 SMF", "≤80 km", "LC duplex", "QSFP28/CFP2"],
              ["100G-ZR+", "1×100G coherent", "DP-16QAM+", "C-band DWDM", "OS2 SMF", "≤1000 km", "LC duplex", "CFP2-DCO"],
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Key Variants Explained",
        heading_de: "Wichtige Varianten erklaert",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "h3",
            text: "100GBASE-SR4 — The Data Center Workhorse",
            text_de: "100GBASE-SR4 — Das Rechenzentrum-Arbeitstier",
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "SR4 uses 4 parallel 850nm lasers at 25 Gbps each over an MPO-12 cable. It requires OM3 or OM4 multimode fiber. Maximum reach is 70m on OM3 and 100m on OM4. This is the standard choice for server-to-TOR (top-of-rack) switch connections in hyperscale data centers.",
            text_de:
              "SR4 verwendet 4 parallele 850-nm-Laser mit je 25 Gbps ueber ein MPO-12-Kabel. Es erfordert OM3- oder OM4-Mehrmodefaser. Maximale Reichweite: 70 m (OM3) und 100 m (OM4). Dies ist die Standardwahl fuer Server-zu-TOR-Switch-Verbindungen in Hyperscale-Rechenzentren.",
          },
          {
            type: "h3",
            text: "100GBASE-LR4 — WDM for 10km",
            text_de: "100GBASE-LR4 — WDM fuer 10 km",
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "LR4 uses 4 CWDM wavelengths (1295, 1300, 1305, 1310 nm) multiplexed onto a single-mode duplex LC connection. Each wavelength carries 25 Gbps NRZ. Maximum reach is 10km on OS2 SMF. This is the IEEE 802.3ba/bm standard — the 'official' long-reach 100G.",
            text_de:
              "LR4 verwendet 4 CWDM-Wellenlaengen (1295, 1300, 1305, 1310 nm) auf einer Einzelmode-Duplex-LC-Verbindung. Jede Wellenlaenge traegt 25 Gbps NRZ. Maximale Reichweite: 10 km auf OS2-SMF.",
          },
          {
            type: "h3",
            text: "100GBASE-DR — Single-Lane PAM4 at 500m",
            text_de: "100GBASE-DR — Einzel-Lane PAM4 bei 500 m",
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "DR uses a single 1310nm PAM4 lane at 100 Gbps. It reaches 500m on OS2 SMF with an LC duplex connector. This is newer (IEEE 802.3cd, 2018) and cheaper than LR4 for medium-reach applications. The single-lane design avoids the need for a WDM MUX/DEMUX inside the module.",
            text_de:
              "DR verwendet eine einzelne 1310-nm-PAM4-Lane mit 100 Gbps. Reichweite: 500 m auf OS2-SMF mit LC-Duplex-Stecker. Dies ist neuer (IEEE 802.3cd, 2018) und guenstiger als LR4 fuer mittlere Reichweiten.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "tip",
            text: "CWDM4 (2km MSA) vs. LR4 (10km IEEE): Both use 4 CWDM wavelengths over LC duplex SMF, but CWDM4 is cheaper (lower output power) and only reaches 2km. If your link is under 2km, specify CWDM4 to save cost.",
            text_de:
              "CWDM4 (2 km MSA) vs. LR4 (10 km IEEE): Beide verwenden 4 CWDM-Wellenlaengen ueber LC-Duplex-SMF, aber CWDM4 ist guenstiger (geringere Ausgangsleistung) und erreicht nur 2 km. Bei Verbindungen unter 2 km CWDM4 spezifizieren, um Kosten zu sparen.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "100G Coherent: ZR and ZR+",
        heading_de: "100G Coherent: ZR und ZR+",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "For metro and long-haul distances, coherent optics are used. 100G-ZR (OIF standard) carries 100G in a QSFP28 or CFP2 module up to 80km on a DWDM C-band channel. OpenZR+ extends this to 400G with higher-order modulation.",
            text_de:
              "Fuer Metro- und Langstrecken werden Coherent-Optiken eingesetzt. 100G-ZR (OIF-Standard) uebertraegt 100G in einem QSFP28- oder CFP2-Modul bis zu 80 km auf einem DWDM-C-Band-Kanal.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "warning",
            text: "Coherent modules (ZR/ZR+) require DWDM infrastructure (mux/demux, EDFA amplifiers, OSNR budget). They cannot be used on dark fiber without planning the optical line system.",
            text_de:
              "Coherent-Module (ZR/ZR+) benoetigen DWDM-Infrastruktur (Mux/Demux, EDFA-Verstaerker, OSNR-Budget). Sie koennen nicht ohne Planung des optischen Leitungssystems auf Dunkelglasfaser eingesetzt werden.",
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "std-100g-q1",
        lesson: "std-100g",
        q: "100GBASE-SR4 requires which fiber type and connector?",
        q_de: "Welchen Fasertyp und Stecker erfordert 100GBASE-SR4?",
        options: [
          "OS2 single-mode fiber with LC duplex",
          "OM3/OM4 multimode fiber with MPO-12",
          "OS2 single-mode fiber with MPO-12",
          "OM1 multimode fiber with SC duplex",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "OS2 Einzelmodefaser mit LC-Duplex",
          "OM3/OM4 Mehrmodefaser mit MPO-12",
          "OS2 Einzelmodefaser mit MPO-12",
          "OM1 Mehrmodefaser mit SC-Duplex",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "100GBASE-SR4 uses 4 parallel 850nm MMF lanes. It requires OM3 or OM4 multimode fiber and an MPO-12 connector.",
        explanation_de:
          "100GBASE-SR4 verwendet 4 parallele 850-nm-MMF-Lanes. Es erfordert OM3- oder OM4-Mehrmodefaser und einen MPO-12-Stecker.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-100g-q2",
        lesson: "std-100g",
        q: "What is the key difference between CWDM4 and 100GBASE-LR4?",
        q_de: "Was ist der wesentliche Unterschied zwischen CWDM4 und 100GBASE-LR4?",
        options: [
          "CWDM4 uses 850nm, LR4 uses 1310nm",
          "CWDM4 reaches 2km (MSA), LR4 reaches 10km (IEEE)",
          "CWDM4 is for multimode fiber, LR4 is for single-mode",
          "CWDM4 uses PAM4, LR4 uses NRZ",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "CWDM4 verwendet 850 nm, LR4 verwendet 1310 nm",
          "CWDM4 erreicht 2 km (MSA), LR4 erreicht 10 km (IEEE)",
          "CWDM4 ist fuer Mehrmodefaser, LR4 fuer Einzelmodefaser",
          "CWDM4 verwendet PAM4, LR4 verwendet NRZ",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "Both CWDM4 and LR4 use 4 CWDM wavelengths on single-mode LC duplex. The key difference is reach: CWDM4 MSA is 2km, IEEE LR4 is 10km. CWDM4 modules are cheaper.",
        explanation_de:
          "Beide verwenden 4 CWDM-Wellenlaengen auf Einzelmode-LC-Duplex. Der wesentliche Unterschied ist die Reichweite: CWDM4 MSA 2 km, IEEE LR4 10 km. CWDM4-Module sind guenstiger.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-100g-q3",
        lesson: "std-100g",
        q: "Which 100G standard uses a single PAM4 lane at 1310nm with 500m reach?",
        q_de: "Welcher 100G-Standard verwendet eine einzelne PAM4-Lane bei 1310 nm mit 500 m Reichweite?",
        options: ["100GBASE-LR4", "100GBASE-SR4", "100GBASE-DR", "100GBASE-ER4"],
        options_de: ["100GBASE-LR4", "100GBASE-SR4", "100GBASE-DR", "100GBASE-ER4"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "100GBASE-DR (IEEE 802.3cd, 2018) uses a single 1310nm PAM4 lane at 100Gbps, reaching 500m on OS2 SMF.",
        explanation_de:
          "100GBASE-DR (IEEE 802.3cd, 2018) verwendet eine einzelne 1310-nm-PAM4-Lane mit 100 Gbps, Reichweite 500 m auf OS2-SMF.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-100g-q4",
        lesson: "std-100g",
        q: "A 100G-ZR coherent module operates on which band?",
        q_de: "In welchem Band arbeitet ein 100G-ZR Coherent-Modul?",
        options: ["850nm multimode band", "CWDM O-band (1310nm)", "C-band DWDM (1530-1565nm)", "L-band DWDM (1565-1625nm)"],
        options_de: [
          "850-nm-Mehrmode-Band",
          "CWDM O-Band (1310 nm)",
          "C-Band DWDM (1530–1565 nm)",
          "L-Band DWDM (1565–1625 nm)",
        ],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "100G-ZR and OpenZR+ coherent transceivers operate in the DWDM C-band (1530–1565nm), where EDFA amplification is available.",
        explanation_de:
          "100G-ZR und OpenZR+ Coherent-Transceiver arbeiten im DWDM-C-Band (1530–1565 nm), wo EDFA-Verstaerkung verfuegbar ist.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-100g-q5",
        lesson: "std-100g",
        q: "What is the maximum reach of 100GBASE-SR4 over OM4 fiber?",
        q_de: "Welche maximale Reichweite hat 100GBASE-SR4 ueber OM4-Faser?",
        options: ["70 m", "100 m", "150 m", "300 m"],
        options_de: ["70 m", "100 m", "150 m", "300 m"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "100GBASE-SR4 reaches 70m on OM3 and 100m on OM4. OM5 can extend this slightly further.",
        explanation_de:
          "100GBASE-SR4 erreicht 70 m auf OM3 und 100 m auf OM4. OM5 kann dies etwas weiter ausdehnen.",
      },
    ],
  },

  {
    id: "std-400g",
    category: "standards",
    title: "400G Ethernet Standards",
    title_de: "400G-Ethernet-Standards",
    level: "advanced",
    duration_min: 15,
    summary:
      "400G is the current cutting edge of hyperscale networking. Learn the many IEEE and MSA variants, modulation choices, and the shift to coherent pluggables at this speed tier.",
    summary_de:
      "400G ist der aktuelle Spitzenbereich des Hyperscale-Networkings. Lernen Sie die vielen IEEE- und MSA-Varianten, Modulationsoptionen und den Wechsel zu Coherent-Pluggables auf dieser Geschwindigkeitsstufe.",
    tags: ["400g", "qsfp-dd", "osfp", "pam4", "coherent", "zr"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "400G: The PAM4 Revolution",
        heading_de: "400G: Die PAM4-Revolution",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "400G brought a fundamental shift in optical modulation. Previous generations used NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) encoding — each bit is one of two signal levels. At 400G, PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation with 4 levels) became the standard for direct-detect modules. PAM4 encodes 2 bits per symbol, effectively doubling the data rate on the same bandwidth.",
            text_de:
              "400G brachte eine grundlegende Verschiebung in der optischen Modulation. Frueherer Generationen nutzten NRZ-Codierung (Non-Return-to-Zero) — jedes Bit ist eines von zwei Signalpegeln. Bei 400G wurde PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation mit 4 Pegeln) fuer Direct-Detect-Module zum Standard. PAM4 codiert 2 Bits pro Symbol und verdoppelt so effektiv die Datenrate auf der gleichen Bandbreite.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "key",
            text: "PAM4 requires stronger FEC (Forward Error Correction) than NRZ because the smaller signal margins increase susceptibility to noise. KP4 RS-FEC is mandatory for all 400G PAM4 interfaces.",
            text_de:
              "PAM4 erfordert staerkere FEC (Forward Error Correction) als NRZ, weil kleinere Signalabstaende die Stoerungsempfindlichkeit erhoehen. KP4 RS-FEC ist fuer alle 400G PAM4-Schnittstellen obligatorisch.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "400G Variants",
        heading_de: "400G-Varianten",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Standard", "Lanes", "Modulation", "Fiber", "Max Reach", "Connector", "Power (typ.)"],
            headers_de: ["Standard", "Lanes", "Modulation", "Faser", "Max. Reichweite", "Stecker", "Leistung (typ.)"],
            rows: [
              ["400GBASE-SR8", "8×50G", "PAM4 NRZ", "OM3/OM4 MMF", "100m (OM4)", "MPO-16", "~7W"],
              ["400GBASE-DR4", "4×100G", "PAM4", "OS2 SMF (8 fibers)", "500 m", "MPO-12", "~7W"],
              ["400GBASE-FR4", "4×100G CWDM", "PAM4", "OS2 SMF", "2 km", "LC duplex", "~8W"],
              ["400GBASE-LR4", "4×100G CWDM", "PAM4", "OS2 SMF", "10 km", "LC duplex", "~8.5W"],
              ["400GBASE-ER8", "8×50G WDM", "PAM4", "OS2 SMF", "40 km", "LC duplex", "~12W"],
              ["400G-ZR (OIF)", "1 coherent", "DP-16QAM", "OS2 DWDM", "≤80 km", "LC duplex", "~15W"],
              ["OpenZR+", "1 coherent", "DP-16QAM / 64QAM", "OS2 DWDM", "≤1000 km", "LC duplex", "~20W"],
              ["400G-FR8 MSA", "8×50G", "PAM4", "OS2 SMF", "2 km", "LC duplex", "~8W"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "tip",
            text: "DR4 vs FR4: Both use 4 PAM4 lanes on single-mode fiber. DR4 uses parallel fiber (8 fibers, MPO-12) for 500m. FR4 uses 4 CWDM wavelengths on LC duplex for 2km. For intra-campus up to 500m, DR4 is cheaper.",
            text_de:
              "DR4 vs FR4: Beide verwenden 4 PAM4-Lanes auf Einzelmodefaser. DR4 verwendet parallele Fasern (8 Fasern, MPO-12) fuer 500 m. FR4 verwendet 4 CWDM-Wellenlaengen auf LC-Duplex fuer 2 km. Fuer Intra-Campus bis 500 m ist DR4 guenstiger.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "400G-ZR Coherent Pluggables",
        heading_de: "400G-ZR Coherent Pluggables",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "400G-ZR (OIF standard, 2020) was a breakthrough: it put a coherent 400G transponder into a QSFP-DD pluggable form factor. Previously, coherent transponders required 1RU or 2RU line cards. 400G-ZR enables routers and switches to carry coherent DWDM traffic directly from the pluggable.",
            text_de:
              "400G-ZR (OIF-Standard, 2020) war ein Durchbruch: Es brachte einen Coherent-400G-Transponder in ein QSFP-DD-Pluggable-Formfaktor. Zuvor erforderten Coherent-Transponder 1HE- oder 2HE-Karten. 400G-ZR ermoeglicht es Routern und Switches, Coherent-DWDM-Traffic direkt aus dem Pluggable zu transportieren.",
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "OpenZR+ (MSA, 2021) extends ZR with higher-order modulation (up to DP-64QAM) for longer reach, supporting 100G, 200G, 300G, and 400G in the same pluggable, selectable by software. This is used in metro DWDM networks.",
            text_de:
              "OpenZR+ (MSA, 2021) erweitert ZR mit hoeherwertigerer Modulation (bis DP-64QAM) fuer groessere Reichweiten und unterstuetzt 100G, 200G, 300G und 400G im gleichen Pluggable, per Software waehlbar.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "warning",
            text: "400G-ZR modules consume 15–20W — nearly 3× a typical QSFP-DD 400G-DR4. Verify your switch's port thermal budget before deploying ZR at scale. Not all QSFP-DD cages support Class 8 power.",
            text_de:
              "400G-ZR-Module verbrauchen 15–20 W — fast 3× so viel wie ein typisches QSFP-DD 400G-DR4. Pruefen Sie das thermische Budget des Switch-Ports, bevor Sie ZR im grossen Massstab einsetzen.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Form Factor Choices for 400G",
        heading_de: "Formfaktor-Auswahl fuer 400G",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "QSFP-DD: 400G, backward compatible with QSFP28 — the dominant switch port for 400G ToR",
              "OSFP: 400G and 800G, larger slot, better thermal, used for coherent (ZR) at high port density",
              "CFP8: 400G, used in older line cards and CFP8-based coherent platforms (400G-ZR CFP8-DCO)",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "QSFP-DD: 400G, abwaertskompatibel zu QSFP28 — der dominante Switch-Port fuer 400G ToR",
              "OSFP: 400G und 800G, groesserer Steckplatz, besseres Thermomanagement, fuer Coherent (ZR) bei hoher Portdichte",
              "CFP8: 400G, in aelteren Line Cards und CFP8-basierten Coherent-Plattformen (400G-ZR CFP8-DCO)",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "std-400g-q1",
        lesson: "std-400g",
        q: "What modulation technique replaced NRZ at 400G?",
        q_de: "Welche Modulationstechnik ersetzte NRZ bei 400G?",
        options: ["QPSK", "PAM4", "QAM-16", "OFDM"],
        options_de: ["QPSK", "PAM4", "QAM-16", "OFDM"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation with 4 levels) is used for direct-detect 400G modules. It encodes 2 bits per symbol, doubling effective data rate vs. NRZ.",
        explanation_de:
          "PAM4 (Puls-Amplituden-Modulation mit 4 Pegeln) wird fuer Direct-Detect-400G-Module eingesetzt. Es codiert 2 Bits pro Symbol und verdoppelt so die effektive Datenrate gegenueber NRZ.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-400g-q2",
        lesson: "std-400g",
        q: "400GBASE-DR4 uses which connector type?",
        q_de: "Welchen Steckertyp verwendet 400GBASE-DR4?",
        options: ["LC duplex", "MPO-12 (8 SMF fibers)", "MPO-16", "SC duplex"],
        options_de: ["LC-Duplex", "MPO-12 (8 SMF-Fasern)", "MPO-16", "SC-Duplex"],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "400GBASE-DR4 uses 4 parallel single-mode fiber lanes in each direction (8 total) over an MPO-12 connector. Reach is 500m.",
        explanation_de:
          "400GBASE-DR4 verwendet 4 parallele Einzelmodefasern in jede Richtung (8 insgesamt) ueber einen MPO-12-Stecker. Reichweite: 500 m.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-400g-q3",
        lesson: "std-400g",
        q: "Which FEC type is mandatory for 400G PAM4 interfaces?",
        q_de: "Welcher FEC-Typ ist fuer 400G PAM4-Schnittstellen obligatorisch?",
        options: ["Clause 74 (FC-FEC)", "Clause 91 (RS-FEC)", "KP4 RS-FEC", "No FEC required"],
        options_de: ["Clause 74 (FC-FEC)", "Clause 91 (RS-FEC)", "KP4 RS-FEC", "Kein FEC erforderlich"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "KP4 RS-FEC (specified in IEEE 802.3bs) is mandatory for all 400G PAM4 optical and electrical interfaces due to the smaller signal margins in PAM4 vs. NRZ.",
        explanation_de:
          "KP4 RS-FEC (in IEEE 802.3bs spezifiziert) ist fuer alle 400G PAM4-optischen und elektrischen Schnittstellen obligatorisch, aufgrund der kleineren Signalabstaende bei PAM4 gegenueber NRZ.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-400g-q4",
        lesson: "std-400g",
        q: "What was the key innovation of 400G-ZR (OIF)?",
        q_de: "Was war die zentrale Innovation von 400G-ZR (OIF)?",
        options: [
          "First use of PAM4 modulation in networking",
          "Putting a coherent transponder into a QSFP-DD pluggable",
          "Doubling the reach of 100G to 200km",
          "Enabling 400G over multimode fiber",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Erste Verwendung von PAM4-Modulation im Netzwerk",
          "Einbau eines Coherent-Transponders in ein QSFP-DD-Pluggable",
          "Verdopplung der Reichweite von 100G auf 200 km",
          "Ermoeglichung von 400G ueber Mehrmodefaser",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "400G-ZR (OIF, 2020) was revolutionary because it integrated coherent DSP and optics into a QSFP-DD pluggable, eliminating the need for separate line card transponders in routers.",
        explanation_de:
          "400G-ZR (OIF, 2020) war revolutionaer, weil es Coherent-DSP und Optik in ein QSFP-DD-Pluggable integrierte und separate Line-Card-Transponder in Routern ueberfluessig machte.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-400g-q5",
        lesson: "std-400g",
        q: "A 400G-ZR module consumes approximately how much power?",
        q_de: "Wie viel Leistung verbraucht ein 400G-ZR-Modul ungefaehr?",
        options: ["3–5W", "7–9W", "15–20W", "35–40W"],
        options_de: ["3–5 W", "7–9 W", "15–20 W", "35–40 W"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "400G-ZR coherent modules typically consume 15–20W due to the coherent DSP ASIC. This is 2–3× higher than a typical 400GBASE-DR4 (~7W).",
        explanation_de:
          "400G-ZR Coherent-Module verbrauchen typischerweise 15–20 W wegen des Coherent-DSP-ASIC. Dies ist 2–3× hoeher als ein typisches 400GBASE-DR4 (~7 W).",
      },
    ],
  },

  {
    id: "std-cmis-management",
    category: "standards",
    title: "Module Management: CMIS, DOM, and SFF Standards",
    title_de: "Modul-Management: CMIS, DOM und SFF-Standards",
    level: "intermediate",
    duration_min: 12,
    summary:
      "Learn how optical transceivers communicate their status to switches — the CMIS management interface, Digital Optical Monitoring, and how to read real-time module diagnostics from CLI.",
    summary_de:
      "Lernen Sie, wie optische Transceiver ihren Status an Switches kommunizieren — die CMIS-Managementschnittstelle, digitales optisches Monitoring und das Lesen von Moduldiagnosen ueber CLI.",
    tags: ["cmis", "dom", "ddmi", "sff-8472", "management", "diagnostics"],
    sections: [
      {
        heading: "Why Module Management Matters",
        heading_de: "Warum Modul-Management wichtig ist",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "A transceiver is not just a passive optical component — it actively monitors its own health. Digital Optical Monitoring (DOM) provides real-time measurements of temperature, supply voltage, laser bias current, transmit power, and receive power. These values let network operators detect problems before they become outages.",
            text_de:
              "Ein Transceiver ist nicht nur eine passive optische Komponente — er ueberwacht aktiv seinen eigenen Zustand. Digital Optical Monitoring (DOM) liefert Echtzeitmessungen von Temperatur, Versorgungsspannung, Laservorspannung, Sendeleistung und Empfangsleistung. Diese Werte ermoeglicht Netzwerkbetreibern, Probleme zu erkennen, bevor sie zu Ausfaellen fuehren.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "info",
            text: "DOM is also called DDMI (Digital Diagnostics Monitoring Interface). They refer to the same feature. 'DDM' is another common abbreviation. All refer to the real-time diagnostic registers in the module EEPROM.",
            text_de:
              "DOM wird auch DDMI (Digital Diagnostics Monitoring Interface) genannt. Beide bezeichnen die gleiche Funktion. 'DDM' ist eine weitere gebraeuchliche Abkuerzung. Alle beziehen sich auf die Echtzeit-Diagnoseregister im Modul-EEPROM.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "SFF Standards for SFP and QSFP",
        heading_de: "SFF-Standards fuer SFP und QSFP",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "The EEPROM memory map of a transceiver is defined by SFF (Small Form Factor) committee standards. SFP+ uses SFF-8472; QSFP28 uses SFF-8636; QSFP-DD and OSFP use CMIS (Common Management Interface Specification) from the OIF.",
            text_de:
              "Die EEPROM-Speichertabelle eines Transceivers wird durch SFF (Small Form Factor)-Komitee-Standards definiert. SFP+ verwendet SFF-8472; QSFP28 verwendet SFF-8636; QSFP-DD und OSFP verwenden CMIS (Common Management Interface Specification) vom OIF.",
          },
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Form Factor", "Standard", "Pages", "Key Feature"],
            headers_de: ["Formfaktor", "Standard", "Seiten", "Wesentliches Merkmal"],
            rows: [
              ["SFP, SFP+", "SFF-8472 (rev 12.4)", "Lower + Upper A0/A2", "DOM in A2 page"],
              ["SFP28, SFP56", "SFF-8402, SFF-8472", "Same as SFP+", "DOM + lane-level stats"],
              ["QSFP+", "SFF-8436", "Lower + Pages 00/01/02/03", "4-lane management"],
              ["QSFP28", "SFF-8665 / SFF-8636", "Lower + Pages 00-03", "Full DOM per lane"],
              ["QSFP-DD", "CMIS 4.0 / 5.0", "Lower + Pages 01-9Fh", "Datapath states, per-lane FEC"],
              ["OSFP", "CMIS 5.0", "Lower + Pages 01-9Fh", "8-lane management, high power"],
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Key DOM Parameters",
        heading_de: "Wichtige DOM-Parameter",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "table",
            headers: ["Parameter", "Unit", "Typical Range (SFP+)", "What It Tells You"],
            headers_de: ["Parameter", "Einheit", "Typischer Bereich (SFP+)", "Was er anzeigt"],
            rows: [
              ["Temperature", "°C", "0 to 70°C (COM), -40 to +85°C (IND)", "Thermal stress, cooling issues"],
              ["Supply Voltage (Vcc)", "V", "3.13–3.47V", "Power rail quality"],
              ["TX Bias Current", "mA", "2–100 mA", "Laser health, aging"],
              ["TX Output Power", "dBm", "-8.2 to +0.5 dBm (LR)", "Transmit budget"],
              ["RX Input Power", "dBm", "-14.4 to 0.5 dBm (LR)", "Received signal level"],
            ],
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "Each parameter has four alarm thresholds: High Alarm, High Warning, Low Warning, Low Alarm. When a value crosses a warning threshold, the switch logs an event. When it crosses an alarm threshold, the interface may be flagged as degraded.",
            text_de:
              "Jeder Parameter hat vier Alarmschwellen: High Alarm, High Warning, Low Warning, Low Alarm. Wenn ein Wert eine Warnschwelle ueberschreitet, protokolliert der Switch ein Ereignis. Bei einer Alarmschwelle kann die Schnittstelle als degradiert markiert werden.",
          },
          {
            type: "callout",
            variant: "key",
            text: "If RX power is below the Low Alarm threshold, the fiber link is too lossy. Check for dirty connectors, cable length, or fiber damage before assuming the module is faulty.",
            text_de:
              "Wenn die RX-Leistung unter der Low-Alarm-Schwelle liegt, ist der Glasfaserlink zu verlustbehaftet. Pruefen Sie zuerst auf schmutzige Stecker, Kabellaenge oder Faserschaeden, bevor Sie das Modul als defekt annehmen.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "Reading DOM via CLI",
        heading_de: "DOM ueber CLI lesen",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "code",
            text: "# Cisco IOS/IOS-XE:\nshow interfaces GigabitEthernet1/0/1 transceiver\nshow inventory\n\n# Cisco NX-OS:\nshow interface ethernet 1/1 transceiver\nshow transceiver\n\n# Juniper Junos:\nshow interfaces xe-0/0/0 media detail\nshow interfaces et-0/0/0 diagnostics optics\n\n# Arista EOS:\nshow interfaces Ethernet1 transceiver\nshow transceiver Ethernet1\n\n# Nokia SR OS:\nshow port 1/1/1 detail",
          },
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "Note that some switches only display DOM data for modules they recognize (OEM or certified modules). Third-party modules with properly programmed EEPROMs typically show DOM on Cisco IOS, Arista EOS, and Juniper Junos. NX-OS may require the 'service unsupported-transceiver' command first.",
            text_de:
              "Beachten Sie, dass einige Switches DOM-Daten nur fuer erkannte Module anzeigen (OEM oder zertifizierte Module). Drittanbieter-Module mit korrekt programmierten EEPROMs zeigen DOM typischerweise auf Cisco IOS, Arista EOS und Juniper Junos. NX-OS erfordert moeglicherweise zuerst den Befehl 'service unsupported-transceiver'.",
          },
        ],
      },
      {
        heading: "CMIS: Next-Gen Module Management",
        heading_de: "CMIS: Modul-Management der naechsten Generation",
        blocks: [
          {
            type: "p",
            text: "CMIS (Common Management Interface Specification), defined by OIF, is the management standard for QSFP-DD, OSFP, and future form factors. It introduces the concept of 'datapaths' — independently configurable groupings of lanes — and adds module state machines, FEC per-lane counters, and configurable modulation.",
            text_de:
              "CMIS (Common Management Interface Specification), vom OIF definiert, ist der Managementstandard fuer QSFP-DD, OSFP und zukuenftige Formfaktoren. Es fuehrt das Konzept der 'Datenpfade' ein — unabhaengig konfigurierbare Gruppen von Lanes — und fuegt Modulzustandsmaschinen, FEC-Zaehler pro Lane und konfigurierbare Modulation hinzu.",
          },
          {
            type: "ul",
            items: [
              "CMIS 4.0: QSFP-DD 400G, introduced datapath management",
              "CMIS 5.0: OSFP, 800G, extended FEC and coherent DSP control",
              "CMIS 6.0 (draft): 1.6T, co-packaged optics management",
            ],
            items_de: [
              "CMIS 4.0: QSFP-DD 400G, Datenpfad-Management eingefuehrt",
              "CMIS 5.0: OSFP, 800G, erweitertes FEC und Coherent-DSP-Steuerung",
              "CMIS 6.0 (Entwurf): 1.6T, Co-packaged Optics Management",
            ],
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
    quiz: [
      {
        id: "std-cmis-q1",
        lesson: "std-cmis-management",
        q: "What does DOM/DDMI measure in a transceiver?",
        q_de: "Was misst DOM/DDMI in einem Transceiver?",
        options: [
          "Only the fiber length and connector type",
          "Temperature, voltage, bias current, TX power, and RX power",
          "Bit error rate and frame loss statistics",
          "ASIC die temperature and power supply ripple",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Nur die Faserlaenge und den Steckertyp",
          "Temperatur, Spannung, Vorspannungsstrom, TX-Leistung und RX-Leistung",
          "Bitfehlerrate und Frame-Loss-Statistiken",
          "ASIC-Temperatur und Netzteil-Welligkeit",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "DOM monitors 5 key parameters: temperature, supply voltage (Vcc), TX laser bias current, TX output power, and RX received power. Each has alarm and warning thresholds.",
        explanation_de:
          "DOM ueberwacht 5 Schluesselparameter: Temperatur, Versorgungsspannung (Vcc), TX-Laservorspannungsstrom, TX-Ausgangsleistung und RX-Empfangsleistung. Jeder hat Alarm- und Warnschwellen.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-cmis-q2",
        lesson: "std-cmis-management",
        q: "Which SFF standard defines the EEPROM memory map for QSFP28 modules?",
        q_de: "Welcher SFF-Standard definiert die EEPROM-Speichertabelle fuer QSFP28-Module?",
        options: ["SFF-8472", "SFF-8436", "SFF-8636", "CMIS 5.0"],
        options_de: ["SFF-8472", "SFF-8436", "SFF-8636", "CMIS 5.0"],
        answer: 2,
        explanation:
          "QSFP28 uses SFF-8665 which references SFF-8636 for the memory map. SFF-8472 is for SFP/SFP+. CMIS is used for QSFP-DD and OSFP.",
        explanation_de:
          "QSFP28 verwendet SFF-8665, das fuer die Speichertabelle auf SFF-8636 verweist. SFF-8472 ist fuer SFP/SFP+. CMIS wird fuer QSFP-DD und OSFP verwendet.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-cmis-q3",
        lesson: "std-cmis-management",
        q: "If RX power is below the Low Alarm threshold, what should you check first?",
        q_de: "Wenn die RX-Leistung unter der Low-Alarm-Schwelle liegt, was sollten Sie zuerst pruefen?",
        options: [
          "Replace the transceiver module immediately",
          "Check for dirty connectors, excessive fiber length, or fiber damage",
          "Reboot the switch",
          "Upgrade the switch firmware",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "Ersetzen Sie das Transceiver-Modul sofort",
          "Pruefen Sie auf schmutzige Stecker, ueberlange Faser oder Faserschaeden",
          "Starten Sie den Switch neu",
          "Aktualisieren Sie die Switch-Firmware",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "Low RX power indicates too much loss in the fiber path. Start with the most common causes: dirty connectors, excessive cable length (beyond module spec), or physical fiber damage.",
        explanation_de:
          "Niedrige RX-Leistung weist auf zu hohe Verluste im Faserpfad hin. Beginnen Sie mit den haeufigsten Ursachen: schmutzige Stecker, ueberlange Kabel (jenseits der Modulspezifikation) oder physische Faserschaeden.",
      },
      {
        id: "std-cmis-q4",
        lesson: "std-cmis-management",
        q: "What is the key new concept that CMIS introduces compared to SFF-8636?",
        q_de: "Was ist das zentrale neue Konzept, das CMIS im Vergleich zu SFF-8636 einfuehrt?",
        options: [
          "DOM monitoring (first introduced in CMIS)",
          "Datapath management — independently configurable lane groupings",
          "Hot-pluggability",
          "Lower power consumption",
        ],
        options_de: [
          "DOM-Monitoring (erstmals in CMIS eingefuehrt)",
          "Datenpfad-Management — unabhaengig konfigurierbare Lane-Gruppen",
          "Hot-Plug-Faehigkeit",
          "Geringerer Stromverbrauch",
        ],
        answer: 1,
        explanation:
          "CMIS introduces 'datapaths' — independently configurable groupings of electrical lanes — allowing one QSFP-DD module to operate as, e.g., 2×200G or 8×50G depending on switch needs.",
        explanation_de:
          "CMIS fuehrt 'Datenpfade' ein — unabhaengig konfigurierbare Gruppen von elektrischen Lanes — sodass ein QSFP-DD-Modul z. B. als 2×200G oder 8×50G betrieben werden kann.",
      },
    ],
  },
];
